2 摘要撰写技巧 2. 1 摘要撰写的一般技巧 由于大多数检索系统只收录论文的摘要部分或其数据库中只有摘要部分免费提供, 并且有些读者只阅读摘要而不读全文或常根据摘要来判断是否需要阅读全文, 因此摘要的清楚表达十分重要。 为确保摘要的“独立性”(stand on its own)或“自明性”(self-contained), 撰写中应遵循以下规则[1, 18-23]:(1)为确保简洁而充分地表述论文的IMRD, 可适当强调研究中的创新、重要之处(但不要使用评价性语言);尽量包括论文中的主要论点和重要细节(重要的论证或数据)。(2)使用简短的句子, 表达要准确、简洁、清楚;注意表述的逻辑性, 尽量使用指示性词语表达论文的不同部分(层次)。 如使用“We found that…”表示结果,使用“We suggest that…”表示讨论结果的含义等。(3)应尽量避免引用文献、图表, 用词应为潜在的读者所熟悉。若无法回避使用引文, 应在引文出现的位置将引文的书目信息标注在方括号内;如确有需要(如避免多次重复较长的术语)使用非同行熟知的缩写, 应在缩写符号第一次出现时给出其全称。(4)为方便检索系统转录, 应尽量避免使用化学结构式、数学表达式、角标和希腊文等特殊符号。(5)查询拟投稿期刊的读者须知, 以了解其对摘要的字数和形式的要求。如果是结构式摘要, 应了解其分为几段,使用何种标识,使用何种时态,是否使用缩写或简写,等。 2. 2 摘要写作的时态 摘要写作时所采用的时态应因情况而定,力求表达自然、妥当。写作中可大致遵循以下原则[18, 20-23]。 2.2.1 介绍背景资料 如果句子的内容是不受时间影响的普遍事实, 应使用现在式;如果句子的内容是对某种研究趋势的概述, 则使用现在完成式。 例如: The authors review risk and protective factors for drug abuse, assess a number of approaches for drug abuse prevention potential with high-risk groups, and make recommendations for research and practice. [Psychological Bulletin, 1992, 112 (1): 64-105] Previous research has confirmed four dimensions of temperament: …. [Archives of General Psychiatry, 1993, 50 (12): 975-990] 2.2.2叙述研究目的或主要研究活动 如果采用“论文导向”, 多使用现在式(如:This paper presents…); 如果采用“研究导向”, 则使用过去式(如:This study investigated…). This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors using the key transtheoretical constructs of stages and processes of change. American Psychologist, 47 (9): 1102-1114 SEP 1992] We investigated whether captopril could reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after a myocardial infarction. [New England Journal of Medicine, 1992, 327 (10): 669-677] 2.2.3概述实验程序、方法和主要结果 通常用现在式。 We describe a new molecular approach to analyzing the genetic diversity of complex microbial populations. [Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1993, 59 (3): 695-700] Our results indicate that p21 may be a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases. [Nature, 1993, 366 (6456): 701-704] 2.2.4 叙述结论或建议 可使用现在式、臆测动词或may, should, could等助动词. We suggest that climate instability in the early part of the last interglacial may have delayed the melting of the Saalean ice sheets in America and Eurasia, perhaps accounting for this discrepancy. [Nature, 1993, 364 (6434): 218-220] 2. 2 摘要写作的人称和语态 有相当数量的作者和审稿人认为, 科技论文的撰写应使用第三人称、过去时和被动语态。但调查表明[24], 科技论文中被动语态的使用在1920 - 1970年曾比较流行, 但由于主动语态的表达更为准确, 且更易阅读, 因而目前大多数期刊都提倡使用主动态。国际知名科技期刊“Nature”, “Cell”等尤其如此, 其中第一人称和主动语态的使用十分普遍。 为了解专业期刊对写作风格的规定, Kirkman[25]随机抽查了500份医学和生物学英文期刊的“读者须知”。统计表明, 82%的期刊没有文风方面的规定;在18%给出文体规定的“读者须知”中, 有13. 8%就人称、语态等方面的表达提请作者参照相关的体例手册或教材;3. 8%规定了论文中各部分的人称变化情况;只有0. 4%(500种期刊中的2种)要求使用非第一人称和被动语态。 此外, 为确保能够进行“双盲” 形式的同行评议, 有12种期刊(2. 4%)告诫作者在稿件中不要使用可识别作者身份的自引(如‘In our earlier work’), 或其他有关可识别作者所在单位的信息, 但并不排斥使用第一人称和主动语态。 “New Scientist”的编辑[24]通过对55种物理和生物学方面期刊的调查, 也有类似的发现。 可见, 为简洁、清楚地表达研究成果, 在论文摘要的撰写中不应刻意回避第一人称和主动语态[24-27]。
3 摘要的常用表达方法 由于摘要的英文表达要求用词简明、层次清楚, 因此掌握一些特定的规范表达, 甚至建立一个适合自己需要的“句型库”(stock phrases), 对于摘要的撰写是很有帮助的。本文所选取的例句均源于SCI收录的1992 - 2002年间发表、并在同期具较高被引频次的论文(前100位)[28]摘要(选取例句时偏重于第一人称和主动语态)。 3. 1 引言部分 3. 1.1回顾研究背景 常用词汇有:review, summarize, present, outline, describe等。 例如:We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction. [Brain Research Reviews, 1993, 18 (3): 247-291] This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues. [Annals of Statistics, 1994, 22 (4): 1701-1728] 3. 1.2 阐明写作或研究目的 常用词汇有:purpose, attempt, aim等。另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达。例如: We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data. [Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1995, 90 (432): 1200-1224] To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2's effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins. [Cell, 1993, 74 (4): 609-619] 3. 1.3介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围 常用的词汇有:study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等。 Here we study the dependence of apoptosis on p53 expression in cells from the thymus cortex. [Nature, 1993, 362 (6423): 849-852] This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the program itself. [Computer Physics Communications, 1992, 67 (3): 465-508] 3. 2 方法部分 3. 2. 1介绍研究或试验过程 常用词汇有:test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等。 We use N-body simulations to investigate the structure of dark halos in the standard cold dark matter cosmogony. [Astrophysical Journal, 1996, 462 (2): 563-575] We present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a 33. 0 kton yr (535-day) exposure of the Super- Kamiokande detector. [Physical Review Letters, 1998, 81 (8): 1562-1567] 3. 2. 2 说明研究或试验方法 常用词汇有:measure, estimate, calculate等。 We have developed a global model to estimate emissions of volatile organic compounds from natural sources (NVOC). [Journal of Geophysical Research - Atomspheres, 1995, 100 (D5): 8873-8892] This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12-month prevalence of 14 DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders from the National Comorbidity Survey, … [Archives of General Psychiatry, 1994, 51 (1): 8-19] 3. 2. 3 介绍应用、用途 常用词汇有:use, apply, application等。 Our program uses a maximum likelihood approach and is based on version 3. 3 of Felsenstein's dnaml program. Computer Applications in the Biosciences, 1994, 10 (1): 41-48 As an application, we implement a compact image coding algorithm that selects important edges and compresses the image data by factors over 30. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1992, 14 (7): 710-732
3. 3 结果部分 3. 3.1 展示研究结果 常用词汇有:show, result, present等。 We show this cell death to be dependent upon expression of c-myc protein and to occur by apoptosis. [Cell, 1992, 69 (1): 119-128] Our results suggest a widespread role for the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate system in the nervous system. [Neuroscience, 1992, 46 (4): 755-784] 3. 3.2介绍结论 常用词汇有:summary, introduce, conclude等。 We introduce a procedure, SureShrink, that suppresses noise by thresholding the empirical wavelet coefficients. [Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1995, 90 (432): 1200-1224] By means of informal mathematical arguments, simulations and a series of worked examples, we conclude that PQL is of practical value for approximate inference on parameters and realizations of random effects in the hierarchical model. [Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1993, 88 (421): 9-25] 3. 4 讨论部分 3. 4.1陈述论文的论点和作者的观点 常用词汇有:suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe等。 The results suggest that abnormalities in male sex development induced by p, p'-DDE and related environmental chemicals may be mediated at the level of the androgen receptor. [Nature, 1995, 375 (6532): 581-585] In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and development of personality that accounts for dimensions of both temperament and character. [Archives of General Psychiatry, 1993, 50 (12): 975-990] 3. 4.2阐明论证 常用词汇有:support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等。 We showed that it is possible to identify constituents which represent only 1% of the total population. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1993, 59 (3): 695-700 These results demonstrate that p53 is required for radiation-induced cell death in the thymus but is not necessary for all forms of apoptosis. Nature, 1993, 362 (6423): 847-849 3. 4.3推荐和建议 常用词汇有:suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect等。 The authors suggest that the most promising route to effective strategies for the prevention of adolescent alcohol and other drug problems is through a risk-focused approach. [Psychological Bulletin, 1992, 112 (1): 64-105] We propose two algorithms to estimate the significance level for a test of HWP. [Biometrics, 1992, 48 (2): 361-372]
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